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Coprosma ternata

W.R.B.Oliv. (1935)

This name is accepted

Kingdom: Viridiplantae Phylum: Magnoliophyta Class/Clade: Eudicot-Asterids Order: Gentianales Family: Rubiaceae Genus: Coprosma

hupilo, pilo

Description

Key Characters:

Growth Form: Shrubs 2–5 m tall.

Stems: Stems ascending to spreading, glabrous.

Roots:

Leaves: Leaves simple. Whorled, 3 per node. Blades elliptic to elliptic–oblanceolate, (42–)50–105 mm long, 14–26(–29) mm wide. Apex acute to short–acuminate. Base narrowly cuneate to cuneate. Surfaces glabrous, blades somewhat thick, chartaceous. Margins entire. Pinnately veined. Petioles 6–23 mm long. Stipules membranous, 10–11 mm long, connate 1⁄2–¾ their length, more or less splitting as young shoot grows, quickly deciduous, glabrous, margins glabrous or rarely sparsely ciliate, apex short–attenuate, with an apical and about 2 shorter lateral appendages.

Flowers: Flowers in clusters of 10–18 or more, 7–8-merous, peduncles 7–16 mm long, glabrous. Flowers unisexual, dioecious, often heterostylous; insect-pollinated. Calyx of staminate flowers (only 1 plant observed) bilabiate, ovoid, ca. 4 mm long, irregularly toothed; pistillate flowers with Calyx cup-shaped, slightly bilabiate, 2–2.5 mm long, divided nearly to base. Corolla of staminate flowers (only 1 plant observed) campanulate, appearing scarious, ca. 6–7 mm long (late bud), the lobes ca. 3.5 mm long; corolla of pistillate flowers narrowly funnelform, 3.5–4 mm long, the lobes ca. 0.8–1 mm long; nectary disk usually present. Stamens 4-5(-10), alternate with the corolla lobes, inserted at base of corolla tube; filaments long-exserted; anthers penduous, dithecal, opening by longitudinal slits. Ovary inferior, occasionally partly so, or very rarely superior, 2(-4)-celled; ovule 1 per cell, basal, anatropous; style as many as carpels, 2(-4)lobed, divided nearly to base, terminal, slender; stigmas lobed or capitate, long-exserted, papillose-hirsute, dry or occasionally wet.

Fruit: Fruit drupaceous; juicy; reddish orange; ellipsoid; ca. 6 mm long; apex with conspicuous persistent calyx 2.5–4 mm long; with 2(-4); 1-seeded; planoconvex pyrenes. Seeds with well-developed oily endosperm; or endosperm occasionally scanty or absent.

Ploidy:

Habitat: Mesic to wet forest.

Elevation Range: 760–1,400 m.

Historical Distribution

Uses and Culture

USES

Natural History

Statewide Status

Endemic

Island Status

Molokai Endemic
Maui Endemic

Dispersal Agents


Pollinators

Bibliography

Name Published In: Bull. Bernice P. Bishop Mus. 132: 175 (1935)

Other References

Wagner et al. 1990:1130 (Mo); Wagner & Herbst 1995:25 (WM)

Occurrences

SNo. Scientific Name Locality Habitat Basis of Record Description Recorded By Record Number Island Source Date
1 Coprosma ternata Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. Molokai BISH 1918-04-01
2 Coprosma ternata Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 175 Molokai BISH 1912-07-01
3 Coprosma ternata Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 91 Molokai BISH 1912-06-01
4 Coprosma ternata Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Munro, G.C. 397 Molokai BISH 1916-06-05
5 Coprosma ternata Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 6160 Molokai BISH 1910-03-22
6 Coprosma ternata Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Munro, G.C. 574 Molokai BISH 1916-06-05
7 Coprosma ternata Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. Molokai BISH 1918-04-01
8 Coprosma ternata Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Beardsley, J.W. Molokai BISH 1957-07-16
9 Coprosma ternata Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. Molokai BISH 1920-02-01
10 Coprosma ternata Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Munro, G.C. 574 Molokai BISH 1916-06-05
11 Coprosma ternata Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Vegetation: Metrosideros, Cheirodendron, Perrottetia, Kadua, Urera, Pipturus, Cyrtandra, Sadleria, Psychotria, Cibotium, Pneumatopteris, Diplazium, Athyrium, Ilex, Cyanea, Coprosma, Peperomia, Selaginella, Broussaisia, Clermontia, Smilax, Phyllostegia, Psilotum. Preserved_Specimen Small trees; specimen with unusual beaked fruit. Oppenheimer, H.L. 20716 Molokai BISH 2007-02-22
12 Coprosma ternata Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Hobdy, R.W. Molokai BISH 1977-07-15
13 Coprosma ternata Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Kiehn, M. 92081761 Molokai BISH 1992-08-17
14 Coprosma ternata Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Growing on sunny slope in 1m tall shrubland. Associated vegetation: Dicranopteris, Metrosideros, Leptecophylla, Vaccinium, Dodonaea, Sphenomeris, Eragrostis, Carex, Sophora, Wikstroemia, Coprosma foliosa. Preserved_Specimen Oppenheimer, H.L. 60622 Maui BISH 2006-06-20
15 Coprosma ternata Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Vegetation: Metrosideros, Dicranopteris, Cheirodendron, Myrsine, Melicope, Ilex, Sticherus, Diplopterygium, Sadleria, Vaccinium, Broussaisia, C. foliosa, Elaphoglossum, Smilax, Adenophorus. Preserved_Specimen Occasional; sprawling and emering through understory of Dicranopteris linearis. Male plant. Oppenheimer, H.L. 31801 Maui BISH 2018-03-09
16 Coprosma ternata Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Open woods Preserved_Specimen Shrub 6 ft. high St.John, H. 12513 Molokai BISH 1932-12-23
17 Coprosma ternata Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Streambank in Montane wet Metrosideros forest. Preserved_Specimen Small tree with orange fruit. Pratt, L.W. 1971 Molokai BISH 1985-09-25
18 Coprosma ternata Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Occasional in open flats. Preserved_Specimen Small bush, 3-4 feet tall; fruits green, becoming orange Crosby, M.R. 1644 Molokai BISH 1964-07-03
19 Coprosma ternata Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Wet forest Preserved_Specimen Lvs in 3s or prs.; fr. orange (ripe), some green (unripe), calyx large; no fls. Branches, stung by wasp, to be det-d by Mr. Fullaway. Landgraf, M.F. Molokai BISH 1953-07-21
20 Coprosma ternata Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Open woods Preserved_Specimen Shrub 8 ft. high St.John, H. 12485 Molokai BISH 1933-12-23
21 Coprosma ternata Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Wet 'ohi'a forest with other native trees and a treefern and native shrub understory Preserved_Specimen Stemmermann, R.L. 3886 Molokai BISH 1979-07-11
22 Coprosma ternata Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Vegetation: Metrosideros, Cheirodendron, Ilex, Santalum, Broussaisia, Dicranopteris, Cibotium, Sadleria. Preserved_Specimen Occasional shrubs. Oppenheimer, H.L. 51410 Maui BISH 2014-05-14
23 Coprosma ternata Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Wet woods Preserved_Specimen 8 ft. shrub, all from one plant, a few leaders with opposite leaves, but all the others ternate St.John, H. 12415 Molokai BISH 1932-12-21
24 Coprosma ternata Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Streambank in Montane wet Metrosideros forest. Preserved_Specimen Small tree with orange fruit. Pratt, L.W. 1971 Molokai BISH 1985-09-25
25 Coprosma ternata Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Wet forest on steep ascending ridge dominated by Metrosideros, Psychotria, Cheirodendron, Ilex, and Hedyotis terminalis, with Coprosma., Perrottetia, Labordia waiolani Preserved_Specimen Wagner, W.L. 5763 Molokai BISH 1987-08-02
26 Coprosma ternata Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Vegetation: Metrosideros, Cheirodendron, Dicranopteris, Dodonaea, Sadleria, Coprosma foliosa, Clermontia, Psychotria, Freycinetia, Myrsine. Preserved_Specimen Occasional shrubs with spreading to ascending branches; fruit bright orange, calyx persistent but shorter than description of this taxon. Oppenheimer, H.L. 111602 Maui BISH 2016-11-04
27 Coprosma ternata Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Montane Wet Shrubland at 4000 ft in a wet montane forest dominated by a canopy of Metrosideros and Cheirodendron with a diverse subcanopy with Coprosma, Clermontia arborescens, Pelea, Cyanea macrostegia, and native ferns and sedges in the understory Preserved_Specimen Welton, P. 1178 Maui BISH 1991-08-24
28 Coprosma ternata Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Wet forest, steep ridge Preserved_Specimen Shrub 4 m. tall, veins somewhat pellucid Fosberg, F.R. 13501 Molokai BISH 1936-12-29
29 Coprosma ternata Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Open woods Preserved_Specimen Shrub 10 ft. high St.John, H. 12507 Molokai BISH 1932-12-23
30 Coprosma ternata Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Vegetation: Metrosideros, Cheirodendron, Dodonaea, Kadua, Perottetia, Cibotium, Sadleria, Ilex, Tetraplasandra, Freycinetia, Clermontia, Broussaisia, Smilax, Dicranopteris, Scaevola, Alyxia, Elaphoglossum. Preserved_Specimen Locally common sprawling shrubs, often leaning on adjacent vegetation; leaves glossy. Hybrids with C. ochracea or C. foliosa observed mixed, these plants with both alternate and ternate-leaved branches on the same individuals; C. foliosa more common. Oppenheimer, H.L. 61005 Maui BISH 2010-06-03
31 Coprosma ternata Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Rain forest Preserved_Specimen 5 m. shrub, lvs. firm, olive green, corolla pale green St.John, H. 23535 Molokai BISH 1948-12-27
32 Coprosma ternata Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details On slope into small gully in open ohia/uluhe forest. Associated vegetation: Metrosideros, Dicranopteris, Broussaisia, Hedyotis, Vaccinium, Myrsine, Sadleria, Machaerina. Preserved_Specimen Sprawling shrubby short trees. Oppenheimer, H.L. 30402 Maui BISH 2003-03-05
33 Coprosma ternata Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Vegetation: Metrosideros, Leptecophylla, Dodonaea, Vaccinium, Eragrostis, Sophora, Dianella, machaerina, Carex, Panicum, Morelotia, Dicranopteris, Sadleria, Pteridium, Luzula, Erigeron, Melinus, Picris, Lantana, Grevillea. Preserved_Specimen Occasional sprawling shrubs, sometimes hybridizing with C. foliosa; those plants with some branches having leaves opposite. Oppenheimer, H.L. 41609 Maui BISH 2016-04-14
34 Coprosma ternata Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Metrosideros fauriei, Leptecophylla, Dubautia linearis, Scaevola chamissoniana, Sadleria cyatheoides, Nestegis sandwicensis, Coprosma foliosa, Melinis minutiflora Preserved_Specimen ~8' shrub; flower; fruit Perlman, S. 20432 Molokai BISH 2007-06-07
35 Coprosma ternata Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Metrosideros, Dicranopteris linearis, Cheirodendron trigynum, Remya mauiensis, Dodonaea viscosa, Psychotria, Myrsine lessertiana, Sadleria, Machaerina angustifolia, Freycinetia, Nestegis, Ilex, Lycopodium cernuum, Clermontia kakeana, Tetraplasandra, Pittosporum, Schinus Preserved_Specimen 5' shrub; fruit orange red Perlman, S. 20586 Maui BISH 2007-10-04
36 Coprosma ternata Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Montane wet forest Preserved_Specimen Only a single specimen of this species was noted. Oppenheimer, H.L. 316 Maui BISH 1998-01-28
37 Coprosma ternata Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details with Metrosideros, Dicranopteris, Platanthera, Myrsine, Vaccinium, Cibotium, Smilax, Touchardia, Boehmeria, Hedyotis, Wikstroemia, Dodonaea, Melicope, Pleomele, Dubautia, Cyrtandra, Scaevola, Styphelia, Bidens, Labordia, Sadleria Preserved_Specimen 3 m tree; in fruit; mature fruit orange Wood, K.R. 1173 Maui BISH 1991-08-25
38 Coprosma ternata Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen 3 m. shrub, lvs. thick firm chartaceaus, above dark green, below pale green St.John, H. 19903 Molokai BISH 1938-12-30
39 Coprosma ternata Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Wooded ridge Preserved_Specimen 2 m. shrub, lvs. ternate or occasionally some of them opposite St.John, H. 19888 Molokai BISH 1938-12-30
40 Coprosma ternata Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Vegetation: Metrosideros Wet Forest. Preserved_Specimen couple of plaqnts in this location Oppenheimer, H.L. 52006 Maui BISH 2020-05-21
41 Coprosma ternata Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Vegetation: Metrosideros, Dicranopteris, Dipliopterygium, Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Vaccinium, Clermontia, Cibotium, Ilex, Myrsine, Melicope, Kadua, Psychotria, Cyrtandra, Sadleria, Liparis, Carex, Smilax, Alyxia. Preserved_Specimen Locally rare, sprawling shrubs, fruit bright orange, leaves glossy green. Oppenheimer, H.L. 101812 Maui BISH 2018-10-18
42 Coprosma ternata Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details in shady understory. Vegetation: Metrosideros, Cheirodendron, Melicope, Myrsine, Sadleria, Astelia, Clermontia, Cyanea, Dryopteris, Carex, Peperomia, Lycopodium, Athyrium, Elaphoglossum. Preserved_Specimen Single 2 meter shrub in shady understory. Oppenheimer, H.L. 32003 Maui BISH 2020-03-10
43 Coprosma ternata Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Montane Wet Shrubland at 4000 ft in a wet montane forest dominated by a canopy of Metrosideros and Cheirodendron with a diverse subcanopy with Coprosma, Clermontia arborescens, Pelea, Cyanea macrostegia, and native ferns and sedges in the understory Preserved_Specimen Welton, P. 1177 Maui BISH 1991-08-24
44 Coprosma ternata Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Shrub 3 meter ht with flowers Perlman, S. 22816 Molokai BISH 2012-04-11
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